In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Salvia officinalis L. against Oral Pathogens / Avaliação in vitro do Potencial Antimicrobiano da Salvia officinalis L. Frente a Patógenos Orais

The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains to antibiotics has motivated the search for new substances with antimicrobial activity, especially those derived from medicinal plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant that arouses scientific interest due to being associated with multiple therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of S. officinalis L. against pathogens in the oral cavity. The antimicrobial potential of the ethanol extract of leaf of S. officinalis L was evaluated by broth microdilution, with determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal/Fungicide concentration (MBC / MFC), against the species Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. The extract showed moderate antifungal potential before Candida species (MIC = 1 mg/mL). And for the species of Streptococcus, the antimicrobial activity was from moderate to strong whose MIC ranged from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL. In this study, the extract from the leaves of S. officinalis L. presented oral cavity antimicrobial activity against pathogens. These results point to S. officinalis as a possible source of active ingredients in the development of formulations with antimicrobial activity of dental use. (AU).

O surgimento de cepas multirresistentes a antibióticos tem motivado a busca de novas substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana, especialmente aquelas oriundas de plantas medicinais. A Salvia officinalis L. é uma planta medicinal que desperta interesse científico por estar associada a múltiplos efeitos terapêuticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro da S. officinalis L. frente a patógenos da cavidade bucal. O potencial antimicrobiano do extrato etanólico da folha da S. officinalis L foi avaliado por meio da microdiluição em caldo, com determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida/Fungicida Mínima (CBM/CFM), frente as espécies Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. O extrato apresentou moderado potencial antifúngico frente às espécies de Candida (CIM = 1 mg/mL). Para as espécies de Streptococcus, o potencial antimicrobiano foi considerado forte a moderado, com valores de CIM variando entre 0,25 a 1 mg/mL. Neste estudo, o extrato da folha de S. officinalis L. apresentou potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos da cavidade bucal. Esses resultados apontam a S. officinalis como uma possível fonte de princípios ativos no desenvolvimento de formulações com atividade antimicrobiana de uso odontológico. (AU).

Conservação de morangos com revestimentos à base de goma xantana e óleo essencial de sálvia / Strawberries conservation with coatings based on xanthan gum and sage essential oil

Objetivou-se avaliar a conservação de morangos com revestimentos à base de goma xantana e, ou, óleo essencial de sálvia. Os morangos foram minimamente processados, submetidos aos revestimentos, secos sob ventilação, embalados em bandejas de polietileno tereftalato e armazenados a 4 ºC durante 12 dias. Foram realizadas análises de deterioração fúngica, perda de massa, firmeza, cor, pH e sólidos solúveis totais, e ao final do armazenamento, contagem de fungos e leveduras. Independente do revestimento houve redução da perda de massa dos morangos ao longo da estocagem refrigerada. Entretanto, os revestimentos à base de goma xantana indicaram ser mais eficientes, por proporcionarem maior firmeza dos frutos, sendo que aquele contendo goma xantana e óleo essencial de sálvia foi o que proporcionou a menor incidência de fungos. De um modo geral, o emprego dos revestimentos não influenciou na coloração e no pH dos frutos de morangos.

The objective was to evaluate the conservation of strawberries with coatings based on xanthan gum and, or, sage essential oil. The strawberries were minimally processed, added with coatings, dried under ventilation, packaged in trays of polyethylene terephthalate and stored at 4 °C for 12 days. Analyses of fungal decay, weight loss, firmness, color, soluble solids and pH were carried out, and at the end of storage, fungi and yeasts count as well. Regardless of the coating, mass loss of strawberries was reduced during the refrigerated storage period. However, the coatings based on xanthan gum indicated to be more efficient, by providing greater fruit firmness, while those containing xanthan gum and sage essential oil were the ones which provided the lowest incidence of fungi. In general, the coatings did not affect the color and pH of the strawberries.

Antiulcerogenic potential of Salvia officinalis L. extract in rats.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of a crude ethanol extract of Salvia officinalis L. in a gastric lesion induction model. Male Wistars rats were housed in groups of five and fasted 12 hours before the experiment, receiving only water ad libitum. The experimental groups received oral doses of 50, 75, 100 and 150 μg/kg of the extract and the negative and positive control groups received distilled water and omeprazol (30mg/kg), respectively. One hour after each respective oral dose, the ulcer was induced with absolute ethanol. a further hour after induction, the animals were euthanized by CO2 camera, the stomachs removed and opened along the greater curvature. Data was statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey method (p<0.05). The groups treated with Salvia officinalis L. extract at doses of 100 and 150 μg/kg showed significant changes in the four parameters evaluated. By reducing the total lesion area, a significant increase in the cure ratio was observed, suggesting a gastroprotective effect of the extract. This data demonstrates the potential use of Salvia officinalis L. extract for effective treatment of injuries caused by absolute ethanol.

In vitro effects of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil on Candida albicans

Objective: To determine the anticandidal activities of Salvia officinalis L. (S. officinalis) essential oil against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and the inhibitory effects on the adhesion of C. albicans to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin surface. Methods: Disc diffusion method was first used to test the anticandidal activities of the S. officinalis L. essential oil against the reference strain (ATCC 90028) and 2 clinical strains of C. albicans. Then the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were determined by modified membrane method. The adhesion of C. albicans to PMMA resin surface was assessed after immersion with S. officinalis L. essential oil at various concentrations of 1×MIC, 0.5×MIC and 0.25×MIC at room temperature for 30 min. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the Candida cell adhesion with the pretreatment agents and Tukey’s test was used for multiple comparisons. Results: S. officinalis L. essential oil exhibited anticandidal activity against all strains of C. albicans with inhibition zone ranging from 40.5 mm to 19.5 mm. The MIC and MLC of the oil were determined as 2.780 g/L against all test strains. According to the effects on C. albicans adhesion to PMMA resin surface, it was found that immersion in the essential oil at concentrations of 1×MIC (2.780 g/L), 0.5×MIC (1.390 g/L) and 0.25×MIC (0.695 g/L) for 30 min significantly reduced the adhesion of all 3 test strains to PMMA resin surface in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05). Conclusions: S. officinalis L. essential oil exhibited anticandidal activities against C. albicans and had inhibitory effects on the adhesion of the cells to PMMA resin surface. With further testing and development, S. officinalis essential oil may be used as an antifungal denture cleanser to prevent candidal adhesion and thus reduce the risk of candida-associated denture stomatitis.

In vitro effects of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil on Candida albicans

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the anticandidal activities of Salvia officinalis L. (S. officinalis) essential oil against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and the inhibitory effects on the adhesion of C. albicans to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin surface.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Disc diffusion method was first used to test the anticandidal activities of the S. officinalis L. essential oil against the reference strain (ATCC 90028) and 2 clinical strains of C. albicans. Then the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were determined by modified membrane method. The adhesion of C. albicans to PMMA resin surface was assessed after immersion with S. officinalis L. essential oil at various concentrations of 1×MIC, 0.5×MIC and 0.25×MIC at room temperature for 30 min. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the Candida cell adhesion with the pretreatment agents and Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>S. officinalis L. essential oil exhibited anticandidal activity against all strains of C. albicans with inhibition zone ranging from 40.5 mm to 19.5 mm. The MIC and MLC of the oil were determined as 2.780 g/L against all test strains. According to the effects on C. albicans adhesion to PMMA resin surface, it was found that immersion in the essential oil at concentrations of 1×MIC (2.780 g/L), 0.5×MIC (1.390 g/L) and 0.25×MIC (0.695 g/L) for 30 min significantly reduced the adhesion of all 3 test strains to PMMA resin surface in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>S. officinalis L. essential oil exhibited anticandidal activities against C. albicans and had inhibitory effects on the adhesion of the cells to PMMA resin surface. With further testing and development, S. officinalis essential oil may be used as an antifungal denture cleanser to prevent candidal adhesion and thus reduce the risk of candida-associated denture stomatitis.</p>

Assessment of Salvia officinalis(L) hydroalcoholic extract for possible use in cosmetic formulation as inhibitor of pathogens in the skin / Avaliação do extrato hidroalcoólico de Salvia officinalis(L) para possível uso em formulações cosméticas como inibidor de patógenos da pele

Salvia officinalis (L.), or common sage, is an aromatic herb that has been used in medicine and cooking since ancient times and has been investigated for the treatment of various diseases, especially infections and skin inflammation. We conducted phytochemical prospecting and quality control with hydroalcoholic extracts of dried sage, to identify active compounds in the plant. The aim was to assess antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated in vitro by agar-overlay and well-diffusion techniques, in which disc and well were used. Salvia officinalis (L.) was not effective against Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans or Candida tropicalis, but best results were observed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Considering the results of the inhibition tests presented here, we suggest that cosmetic formulations containing Salvia officinalis (L.) could contribute to inhibitor of pathogens in the skin microbiota.

A Salvia officinalis (L.) é uma planta com uso difundido, utilizada no tratamento de diversas patologias, principalmente para infecções e inflamações cutâneas. Neste trabalho foi realizada prospecção fitoquímica e controle de qualidade com a planta seca e extrato hidroalcoólico para identificação dos compostos ativos da sálvia, tendo como finalidade comprovar sua atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica frente à Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis. Os métodos de escolha para avaliação in vitro foram ensaios de sensibilidade antimicrobiana por difusão em ágar com discos e cilindros. Dentre os ensaios realizados a sálvia não se mostrou efetiva para Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis, sendo o melhor resultado obtido com Staphylococcus aureus, em que se pode verificar-se atividade antibacteriana. Diante dos resultados obtidos, propôs-se uma formulação de sabonete líquido com extrato hidroalcoólico de Salvia officinalis (L.), para atuar na higiene da pele.

Essential oil yield in Salvia officinallis L. under the action of plant growth regulators - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v28i3.209 / Rendimento de óleo essencial de Salvia officinalis L. sob ação de reguladores vegetais - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v28i3.209

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different plant growth regulators on essential oil yield in Salvia officinalis L. plants. The experiment was held in a greenhouse and the experimental design was completely randomized, with 5 treatments and three replications. The Treatments consisted in the application of gibberellic acid (GA3), benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon), and Stimulate at 2%, compared with control plants (water). Applications of plant growth regulators were performed in three consecutive periods, in turn, 15, 25 and 35 days after transplanting of seeding germinating in the light at 25ºC. The dry mass yield of the aerial part and the oil essential content were determined 131 days after the transplant. The aerial part of the plants was dried in an oven at 35ºC; after dry mass determination, the oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and its volume was determined. Plants treated with GA3 and Stimulate showed increase in essential oil content, while plants treated with BAP and ethephon showed decrease in essential oil volume when compared with the control plants.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes reguladores vegetais no rendimento do óleo essencial de plantas de Salvia officinalis L. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, consistindo em cinco tratamentos com três repetições cada. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de ácido giberélico (GA3), benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido 2- cloroetil-fosfônico (ethephon) e Stimulate a 2%, comparados com plantas controle (água). A pulverização, via foliar, dos reguladores vegetais foram realizadas em três épocas, aos 15, 25 e 35 dias após o transplante de plântulas previamente germinadas em câmaras de germinação a 25ºC e luz constante. A produção de massa seca da parte aérea e rendimento do óleo essencial foi avaliada aos 131 dias após o transplante. A parte aérea das plantas foi seca em estufa a 35ºC determinando a massa seca e a extração do óleo foi realizada pelo método de hidrodestilação, determinando o volume de óleo. Plantas tratadas com GA3 e Stimulate apresentaram incrementos no teor de óleo essencial, enquanto que as plantas tratadas com BAP e ethephon apresentaram diminuição no volume de óleo essencial comparado às plantas controle.